A LowFormer image classification model. LowFormer targets real measured latency rather than MAC count, combining fused and grouped MBConv stages with an efficient attention block that projects to a lower spatial resolution with a strided depthwise convolution and upsamples the result with a transposed convolution. The E variants are the edge-GPU designs introduced in the journal extension, which trade attention for additional convolutional capacity. This checkpoint was trained on ImageNet-1k by the paper authors and converted to the timm state-dict layout.
e1 and e2 drop both the attention and MLP branches of the LowFormer block, leaving purely convolutional stages tuned for edge GPUs.
The default preprocessing is encoded in the pretrained configuration: bicubic resize, ImageNet mean and standard deviation, and a center crop with crop_pct=0.95.
The model can be used for ImageNet-1k classification, image embeddings, or multi-scale feature-map extraction with features_only=True.
The accuracies above are measured in FP32. lowformer_b0 and lowformer_b1 are the variants most affected by bfloat16 autocast, losing roughly 3.0 and 1.5 Top-1 respectively; the other variants stay within 0.25 of their FP32 result. FP16 autocast matches FP32 for all variants.
Latency depends on the target hardware, inference runtime, export path, and batch size. See the papers for device-specific measurements and methodology.
ImageNet-1k validation accuracy in FP32 with bicubic interpolation and a centered crop (crop_pct=0.95). Values are Top-1 / Top-5 percentages; only input resolution changes between columns.
@inproceedings{nottebaum2025lowformer,
title={LowFormer: Hardware Efficient Design for Convolutional Transformer Backbones},
author={Nottebaum, Moritz and Dunnhofer, Matteo and Micheloni, Christian},
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)},
pages={7008--7018},
year={2025}
}
@article{nottebaum2026beyondmacs,
title={Beyond MACs: Hardware Efficient Architecture Design for Vision Backbones},
author={Nottebaum, Moritz and Dunnhofer, Matteo and Micheloni, Christian},
journal={International Journal of Computer Vision},
volume={134},
number={6},
pages={295},
year={2026},
doi={10.1007/s11263-026-02873-5}
}
@misc{rw2019timm,
author = {Ross Wightman},
title = {PyTorch Image Models},
year = {2019},
publisher = {GitHub},
journal = {GitHub repository},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4414861},
howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-image-models}}
}
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