K2-Horizon-32B

K2-Horizon-32B#

Training Code - Evaluation Code - All Training Data

K2-Horizon-32B is the large dense member of the K2-Horizon family: a 32B decoder-only model with a 512K context window.

Image: K2-Horizon-32B benchmark results against open dense models and GPT-5.6 Luna (medium)

K2-Horizon-32B Highlights#

• Strong dense baseline. A 32B dense model evaluated on the same agentic, coding, and reasoning benchmarks as the rest of the family (see Benchmark Results).
• 512K context. Native 524,288-token context from the midtraining stages onward.
• Intermediate checkpoints. Intermediate checkpoints are released so capability changes can be studied across training rather than at a single checkpoint.
• Fully open. Training data/recipe and the training code are public.

Benchmark Results#

| | | Open-weight dense models

| | K2-Horizon-32B | Qwen3.8-27B | Muse Glimmer-30B | IBM Granite 4.2 30B

| # Params | 32B | 27B | 30B | 30B

| # Activated params | 32B | 27B | 30B | 30B

| Architecture | Dense | Dense | Dense | Dense

| Agents

| tau3-Banking

Agentic tool use

| 24.1 | 48.0 | 23.5 | 14.4

| Coding

| Terminal-Bench 2.1

Agentic terminal use

| 62.6 | 79.8 | 51.7 | 26.6

| SciCode

Scientific coding

| 37.9 | 44.7 | 43.6 | 36.6

| Scientific Reasoning

| Humanity's Last Exam (without tools)

Expert-level reasoning

| 25.2 | 33.9 | 22.0 | 11.2

| GPQA Diamond

Graduate-level science QA

| 82.8 | 90.5 | 83.5 | 64.4

| CritPt

Frontier physics reasoning

| 2.9 | 5.4 | 2.6 | 0.3

| General

| AA-LCR

Long-context reasoning

| 68.0 | 77.3 | 80.0 | 46.7

| AA-Omniscience Accuracy

Factual accuracy

| 18.2 | 15.6 | 27.0 | 10.1

| AA-Omniscience Non-Hallucination

Non-hallucination rate

| 69.7 | 69.7 | 18.1 | 74.4

Scores in %. Bold marks the best score in each row. Sections follow the Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index categories. Baseline scores are from Artificial Analysis; Muse Glimmer-30B at high reasoning effort, other open models in their reasoning mode.

Quickstart#

Serving#

vLLM, recipe at recipes.vllm.ai/IFM:

vllm serve IFM/K2-Horizon-32B \
  --revision main \
  --model-impl vllm \
  --tensor-parallel-size 2 \
  --trust-remote-code \
  --dtype bfloat16 \
  --reasoning-parser k2_horizon \
  --enable-auto-tool-choice \
  --tool-call-parser k2_horizon

Use an exact branch name from the inventory with vLLM's --revision option. For example, --revision pretrain_1100000 selects the final checkpoint of Pretraining, at step 1,100,000.

SGLang recipe validated on 2× H200 in the SGLang K2 Horizon cookbook:

python3 -m sglang.launch_server \
  --model-path IFM/K2-Horizon-32B \
  --revision main \
  --tp 2 \
  --dtype bfloat16 \
  --attention-backend fa3 \
  --reasoning-parser k2_horizon \
  --tool-call-parser k2_horizon \
  --host 0.0.0.0 --port 30000

API Usage#

Tip. Recommended settings: reasoning_effort="high", temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95. Reasoning depth is selected per request through chat_template_kwargs. Thinking is returned in reasoning_content and the answer in content.

from openai import OpenAI

client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:30000/v1", api_key="EMPTY")
response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="IFM/K2-Horizon-32B",
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Explain the result step by step."}],
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=0.95,
    max_tokens=32768,
    extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"reasoning_effort": "high", "tool_call_format": "xml"}},
)
message = response.choices[0].message
print("Reasoning:", getattr(message, "reasoning_content", None))
print("Answer:", message.content)

Our model supports multiple tool-call formats, which can be changed with chat_template_kwargs. The supported values are json, xml, and xml_typed. The default is xml. Keep --tool-call-parser k2_horizon enabled to parse the selected format.

Transformers#

Validated with Transformers 5.15.0, PyTorch 2.13.0, Safetensors 0.8.0.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_id = "IFM/K2-Horizon-32B"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id, trust_remote_code=True)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id, device_map="auto", dtype="bfloat16", low_cpu_mem_usage=True, trust_remote_code=True
)

inputs = tokenizer("Explain why long-context evaluation is difficult.", return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
inputs.pop("token_type_ids", None)
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=32768, temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95, do_sample=True)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))

Training Overview#

The table below lists the training stages in order and the purpose of each stage.

Training steps are counted within each stage or phase. Token budgets cover only the additional training in that stage or phase. For example, the 50B tokens listed for SFT Phase 2 are additional to the 219B tokens in Phase 1, bringing the cumulative budget to 269B tokens by the end of Phase 2. Here, B and T denote billion and trillion tokens, respectively.

Each stage or phase continues from the final checkpoint of the preceding stage or phase.

Some stages, such as SFT, have multiple phases with slight changes to the data mix while retaining the same overall purpose.

Release Artifacts#

The tables below list the release artifacts for K2-Horizon-32B, their availability, and the expected release dates for remaining items.

Last updated: 2026-09-28

Status:

• Available — fully released for the scope listed;
• Partial — some items are available, with remaining items listed in the notes;
• In Progress — being prepared for release but not yet available.

Artifact Index#

Checkpoint Inventory#

Model repository: IFM/K2-Horizon-32B

Branch names below refer to this repository. Patterns containing * group branches by training stage or phase. The * is a placeholder for a training-step number, not a literal branch name. Intermediate checkpoint groups exclude the final checkpoint listed separately; a pattern does not imply that a checkpoint is available at every step.

For example, sft_1_11000 is the checkpoint saved at training step 11,000 within SFT Phase 1, and is the final checkpoint of that phase. The numeric suffix is the step within the named stage or phase, not the cumulative step across all training. Thus, sft_2_2500 refers to step 2,500 within SFT Phase 2.

For a partially released group, the available checkpoints and the remaining checkpoints are listed in the notes.

Important. Note:

• Released K2-Horizon Hugging Face checkpoints (e.g. Huggingface) can be used for inference, evaluation, and downstream fine-tuning (including SFT).

Training behavior in the bundled Hugging Face implementation may differ from native xLLM, including the auxiliary load-balancing loss. To continue the original pretraining with xLLM's training behavior, use the native xLLM checkpoint and xLLM runtime.

Best Practices#

1. Reasoning effort: always high. All reported results use high reasoning effort. Pass {"chat_template_kwargs": {"reasoning_effort": "high"}} on every request. medium and low effort settings are not recommended except for research on reasoning efforts.
2. Sampling parameters. temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95.
3. Serving. Use the validated SGLang recipe above: BF16, TP=2, FlashAttention-3. Full recipes for every K2-Horizon size, with measured H200 latency and throughput, are in the SGLang cookbook and the vLLM recipe.
4. Parsers. Enable the k2_horizon reasoning parser for chat, and add the k2_horizon tool-call parser for agent use. Leave both off for plain completion-style generation.

Citation#

@misc{k2horizon2026,
  title  = {Introducing K2 Horizon: Frontier Performance, Radically Open},
  author = {{IFM Team}},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://ifm.ai/blog/k2/},
}